Health A–Z

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Find out about abdominal aortic aneurysm, what the symptoms are, how it’s treated, how to lower your risk of getting one and what the causes are.

Acanthosis nigricans

Acanthosis nigricans is the term for darkened, thickened patches of skin in the armpit and around the groin and neck. Find out about the main causes and treatments.

Achalasia

Read about achalasia, a disorder of the gullet (oesophagus) where it loses the ability to move food along. The valve at the end of the gullet also fails to open.

Acid and chemical burns

Find out about acid and chemical burns including what causes them, where to get help, how to do first aid, and how they're treated.

Acne

Acne is a common skin condition that affects most people at some point. It causes spots, oily skin and sometimes skin that's hot or painful to touch.

Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma)

An acoustic neuroma is a type of non-cancerous (benign) brain tumour. Find out about the symptoms, treatments and outlook for this condition.

Acromegaly

Find out about acromegaly, the abnormal growth of hands, feet and other body parts. This includes the symptoms, when to get medical help and how it's treated.

Actinic keratoses (solar keratoses)

Find out more about actinic keratoses, which are patches of skin that have been damaged by the sun.

Actinomycosis

Find out about actinomycosis, including how you get it, what the symptoms are, how it's treated and how to reduce your risk of getting it.

Acute cholecystitis

Read about acute cholecystitis, which is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually occurs when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct.

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Acute kidney injury is when something causes your kidneys to stop working properly. Find out the causes, symptoms and how it's treated.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a rare type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow.

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Read about acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), an aggressive cancer of the myeloid cells. Information about signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment.

Acute pancreatitis

Find out about acute pancreatitis, including what the symptoms are and how it's treated.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Find out about acute respiratory distress syndrome, including who’s at risk of getting it, the symptoms, how it’s treated and what causes it.

Addison's disease

Find out about Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency), including symptoms, causes and treatment.

Adenomyosis

Find out about adenomyosis, including symptoms, what to do if you think you have it and how it's treated.

ADHD in adults

Find out about ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in adults, the symptoms of ADHD, how to get a diagnosis and how to manage it.

ADHD in children and young people

Find out about ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children and teenagers, the symptoms of ADHD, how to get a diagnosis and how to manage it.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Find out more about age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which mainly affects people over 50 years of age and usually leads to a gradual loss of central vision.

Agoraphobia

Read about agoraphobia, a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or that help wouldn't be available if things go wrong.

Albinism

Albinism is an inherited condition that affects the production of melanin, the pigment that colours the skin, hair and eyes.

Alcohol poisoning

Find out about alcohol poisoning, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you or someone else has it, what the treatments are and what causes it.

Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD)

NHS information about alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), which is liver damage caused by drinking too much alcohol. Find out the symptoms, stages and how...

Alcohol-use disorder

Find out about alcohol-use disorder, sometimes called alcoholism, including symptoms, treatment, and how to get help.

Allergic rhinitis

Find out about allergic rhinitis, including what the symptoms are, what you can do about it and when to get medical help.

Allergies

Find out about allergies, including typical symptoms, common allergies, when to get emergency medical help and allergy testing and treatments.

Altitude sickness

NHS information about altitude sickness, including symptoms, treatment and how to prevent it.

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Dementia is a group of symptoms associated with a decline in the way your brain functions,...

Amyloidosis

Find out about amyloidosis, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help, the causes and how it's treated.

Anabolic steroid misuse

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Anal cancer

Find out about anal cancer, including common symptoms and treatments.

Anal fissure

Find out about anal fissures, including the symptoms, causes and treatments.

Anal fistula

Find out what an anal fistula is, including information about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

Anaphylaxis

NHS information about anaphylaxis, including symptoms, when to get help, treatment and prevention.

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Find out about androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a rare condition that affects the development of a person's genitals and reproductive organs.

Angelman syndrome

Read about Angelman syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and causes severe physical and intellectual disability

Angina

Find out about angina, a type of chest pain caused by the heart not getting enough blood. Find out about the symptoms and how it's treated.

Angioedema

Find out what angioedema is, what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it's treated.

Animal and human bites

Find out what to do if you've been bitten by an animal or person, including first aid advice, when to get medical help and what treatment you may need.

Ankylosing spondylitis

Read about ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and other types of axial spondyloarthritis, a long-term (chronic) condition in which the spine and other areas of the...

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (often called anorexia) is an eating disorder where you feel a need to keep your weight as low as possible.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

Find out about antiphospholipid syndrome, including symptoms, causes, treatment and when to get medical help.

Anxiety disorders in children

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Anxiety in pregnancy

Find out more anxiety in pregnancy (perinatal anxiety), including signs to look out for, tips to reduce anxiety and information on treatment and support.

Aphasia

Aphasia is a condition that affects how you communicate. It can make it hard to speak, understand others, read, write and use numbers. Find out about the...

Appendicitis

Find out about appendicitis, including what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, how it's treated and possible complications.

Arthritis

Find out about arthritis, including the main types of arthritis, symptoms, treatments, self-care and when to get medical help.

Asbestosis

Asbestosis is a serious lung condition caused by exposure to asbestos – a building material used mostly from the 1950s to the 1990s.

Aspergillosis

Find out more about aspergillosis, the name of a group of conditions caused by a mould called aspergillus.

Asthma

Find out about asthma, a common condition that affects breathing, including the symptoms, treatment and how it affects your life.

Astigmatism

Find out more about astigmatism, a common eye condition, including the symptoms and how it's treated.

Ataxia

Ataxia is the term for a group of disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech. Find out about the main types, what causes them, and how they're treated.

Atherosclerosis

Find out more about atherosclerosis, what the symptoms are, how you can help stop it getting worse, how it's treated and what causes it.

Athlete's foot

Read about athlete's foot, a common fungal infection of the foot. Find out about the symptoms, what causes it, and how it's treated.

Atopic eczema

Find out about atopic eczema, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

Atrial fibrillation

Find out about atrial fibrillation, a condition that causes an irregular heart rhythm, including symptoms, treatment and how it affects your life.

Auditory processing disorder (APD)

Find out about auditory processing disorder, a condition where you have difficulty understanding sounds including spoken words.

Autism

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Find out about autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), an inherited condition that causes small fluid-filled sacs called cysts to develop in...

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare inherited childhood condition where the development of the kidneys and liver is abnormal.

Back pain

Find out how to relieve back pain, what can cause it and when to get medical advice.

Bacterial vaginosis

Read about bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common cause of unusual vaginal discharge, and how it's treated.

Baker's cyst

Find out what a Baker's cyst (popliteal cyst) is, what you can do to treat one if it's causing you problems and when to get help from a GP.

Balanitis

Read about balanitis, which is where the head of the penis is swollen and sore. Find out about the symptoms, causes, treatments and when to get medical help.

Bartholin's cyst

Find out what a Bartholin’s cyst is, what the symptoms are and when to get help from a GP.

Bedbugs

Find out about bedbugs, including signs you may have them, how to get rid of them and how to treat bedbug bites.

Behçet's disease

Read about Behçet's disease, a rare and poorly understood condition in which blood vessels and tissues may become inflamed (swollen).

Bell's palsy

Find out more about Bell's palsy, a condition that causes temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles on 1 side of the face.

Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)

Find out about bile duct cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it, how it's diagnosed and treated, and where to get further support.

Binge eating disorder

Read about binge eating disorder, which is when a person feels compelled to overeat on a regular basis. Find out about the symptoms, treatments and possible causes.

Bipolar disorder

Find out about bipolar disorder, including symptoms, how it's diagnosed and treatments.

Bird flu

Find out about bird flu, what the symptoms are in humans, how it's treated and ways to reduce your risk of infection.

Birthmarks

Find out about birthmarks, including information about 6 of the main types, when to see a GP, and whether or not treatment is needed.

Black eye

Find out more about a black eye, which is bruising and swelling around your eye, usually caused by a blow.

Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is cancer that's found anywhere in your bladder. It's more common if you're over the age of 60.

Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)

Find out about bladder pain syndrome (also known as interstitial cystitis) including symptoms and treatments.

Bladder stones

Find out about bladder stones, including symptoms, what causes them, treatment and how to prevent them.

Blepharitis

NHS information about blepharitis, including the symptoms, when to get medical help and what you can do to treat and prevent it.

Blisters

NHS information about blisters, including how to treat blisters yourself, how to avoid getting them, and when to get medical help.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

NHS information and advice about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD or body dysmorphia), including what the symptoms are and what can help.

Boils

Read more about boils and carbuncles, which are red, painful lumps on the skin that are usually caused by a bacterial infection.

Bone cancer

Find out about bone cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it, and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Bone cyst

Find out NHS information about bone cysts, including how they're treated and what causes them.

Borderline personality disorder

Read about borderline personality disorder. Personality disorders can cause a range of distressing symptoms and patterns of abnormal behaviour.

Botulism

Botulism is a rare but life-threatening illness that needs immediate hospital treatment. Find out the symptoms, causes and how to lower your risk of getting it.

Bowel cancer

Bowel cancer is cancer found anywhere in the large bowel, which includes the colon and rectum. It's one of the most common types of cancer in the UK.

Bowel incontinence

Find out about bowel incontinence, including the symptoms, what causes it and the treatments available.

Bowel polyps

Find out about bowel (colonic) polyps, which are small growths on the inner lining of the bowel. There are often no symptoms but should usually be removed.

Bowen's disease

Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments for Bowen's disease, a very early and easily treatable form of skin cancer.

Brain abscess

A brain abscess is a pus-filled swelling in the brain. It's a rare and life-threatening condition, usually caused by infection or a severe head injury.

Brain aneurysm

Find out what a brain aneurysm is, what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it's treated and what you can do to help stop an aneurysm bursting.

Brain tumours

A brain tumour is a growth of cells in the brain that multiplies in an abnormal, uncontrollable way. Find out about its symptoms and how it's treated.

Breast abscess

Find out about breast abscesses, including what the symptoms are, where to get help, how they are treated and what causes them.

Breast cancer in men

Breast cancer is cancer that's found in the breasts or breast tissue in the chest. Anyone can get it, including men.

Breast cancer in women

Breast cancer is cancer that's found in the breasts. It's the most common type of cancer in women in the UK. Anyone can get breast cancer.

Breath-holding in babies and children

Find out about breath-holding in babies and children, including when to get medical help, what happens during an episode and what to do.

Broken ankle

Find out how to tell if your ankle is broken (fractured) and when to get medical advice, plus how a broken ankle is treated and how long it takes to heal.

Broken arm or wrist

Find out how to tell if you have a broken arm or wrist, where to get medical help and how long it takes to heal.

Broken collarbone

Find out how to tell if you have a broken collarbone, where to get medical help and how long it takes to heal.

Broken finger or thumb

Find out how to tell if you have a broken finger or thumb, what you should do, and how long it takes to heal.

Broken hip

NHS information about broken hip (hip fracture) including what the symptoms are, how it's treated and recovery.

Broken leg

Find out what to do if you think you or someone else has a broken leg, as well as how a broken leg is treated and how long it takes to recover.

Broken nose

Find out about the signs of a broken nose, how to look after your nose at home and when you should seek medical advice.

Broken or bruised ribs

Find out about how long it takes injured ribs to heal, how to look after yourself until you're feeling better, and when you should get medical advice.

Broken toe

Find out about the symptoms of a broken toe, when you should get medical advice and how to look after it at home.

Bronchiectasis

Find out about bronchiectasis, a condition that affects breathing, including symptoms, treatment and how it affects your life.

Bronchiolitis

Find out more about bronchiolitis, including the symptoms, how it's treated and what causes it.

Bronchitis

Find out about bronchitis, what the symptoms are, how you can ease the symptoms, where to get help, and how it is treated.

Brucellosis

Find out about brucellosis, including symptoms, what to do if you have it and treatments.

Brugada syndrome

Find out about Brugada syndrome, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help, the causes and how it's treated.

Bulimia

Find out what bulimia is, the symptoms and signs to look out for, and the treatment and support available.

Bullous pemphigoid

Find out more about bullous pemphigoid, a rare skin condition that usually starts with an itchy, raised skin rash.

Bunions

NHS information about bunions, including symptoms, how they're treated and how to help prevent them.

Burns and scalds

Find out more about burns and scalds, including how to treat them and when to get help.

Bursitis

NHS information about bursitis, including symptoms, when to get help, treatments and prevention.

Cancer

Find out more about cancer, including the possible symptoms, types of cancer, common treatments, causes and ways to reduce your risk, as well as information...

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Find out about carbon monoxide poisoning, what the symptoms are, what to do if you have it, what causes it, how it's treated and how to prevent it.

Cardiomyopathy

Find out about cardiomyopathy, a general term for diseases of the heart muscle, where the walls of the heart chambers have become stretched, thickened or stiff.

Cardiovascular disease

Find out about cardiovascular disease (CVD), including the main types, what causes it and how you can reduce your risk of getting it.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Read about carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), which causes pain and tingling in your hand when there's pressure on a nerve in your wrist. Find out what causes it...

Cataracts in adults

Find out about cataracts in adults including what the symptoms are and how treatment with surgery can help.

Catarrh

Find out about catarrh, including what the symptoms are, what you can do to help ease it, when to get medical help, and treatments that may be recommended.

Cavernoma

Find out what a cavernoma is, what symptoms it can cause, the importance of closely monitoring symptoms, how it's diagnosed and treatment options.

Cellulitis

Cellulitis is a potentially serious infection in the deeper layers of your skin. Find out about the symptoms, causes, treatments and possible complications.

Cerebral palsy

Find out about cerebral palsy, including the symptoms, causes, when to get medical advice, how it's treated and what the outlook is.

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is cancer that's found anywhere in the cervix, which is the opening between the vagina and the womb.

Cervical spondylosis

Find out about cervical spondylosis, which is the medical term for neck pain caused by age-related "wear and tear" to bones in the neck area of the spine...

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited conditions that cause nerve damage, leading to muscle weakness and numbness

Charles Bonnet syndrome

NHS information about Charles Bonnet syndrome, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

Chest infection

Read about chest infections, including the symptoms, what you can do to treat it yourself, and how a pharmacist and GP can help. A chest infection will...

Chiari malformation

Find out what a Chiari malformation is, what problems it may cause, why it happens and how it can be treated.

Chickenpox

Find out more about chickenpox, an infection that's spread easily and causes an itchy, spotty rash.

Chilblains

NHS information about chilblains, including symptoms, causes and how to treat them yourself.

Childhood cataracts

Find out about childhood cataracts which occur when changes in the lens of a child's eye cause it to become less transparent, resulting in blurred or misty vision.

Chipped, broken or cracked tooth

Find out how a dentist can treat a chipped, broken or cracked tooth.

Chlamydia

Find out about chlamydia, a sexually transmitted infection (STI), including symptoms, how it's treated, and how to prevent it.

Cholera

Find out about cholera, including how you get it, how to avoid getting it, what the symptoms are, where to get medical help and how it’s treated.

Cholesteatoma

Find out about cholesteatoma, a rare ear condition that causes hearing and balance problems, including the symptoms, when to get medical help and treatments.

Chronic kidney disease

Find out what chronic kidney disease (CKD) is, including what the symptoms are, how it's diagnosed and how it can be treated.

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Find out about chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), a rare type of blood cancer, including the symptoms and how it's treated.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a rare type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and white blood cells.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Find out what chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is, what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it's treated.

Chronic pancreatitis

Find out about chronic pancreatitis, including what the symptoms are and how it's treated.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Find out about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a type of brain condition that slowly gets worse over time and leads to dementia.

Cirrhosis

Find out about cirrhosis, including what the symptoms are, who's more likely to have it and treatments.

Claustrophobia

Read about claustrophobia, including common triggers, physical and psychological symptoms, causes and treatment, plus help and support.

Cleft lip and palate

Find out about cleft lip and palate, where a baby is born with a gap in their upper lip and/or the roof of their mouth.

Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infection

Find out about Clostridioides difficile (also known as Clostridium difficile, C. difficile or C. diff), including what the symptoms are, who's most at risk...

Clubfoot

Get NHS information about clubfoot, which is when a baby is born with their foot or both feet bent and curved into an unusual position.

Cluster headaches

Find out about cluster headaches, which are severe attacks of pain on 1 side of the head, including the symptoms, when to get medical help and how they’re treated.

Coeliac disease

Find out about coeliac disease, an autoimmune disease affecting the digestive system that makes a person have an adverse reaction to gluten.

Cold sores

Find out about cold sores, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how to treat them.

Colic

Find out about colic, including what the symptoms are, what you can do to help soothe your baby, and when to get medical help.

Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness)

Find out about colour vision deficiency (colour blindness), what the symptoms are, where to get help, what the tests are, the causes, and the treatments.

Common cold

Find out about the common cold, including what the symptoms are, how it's spread, how it's treated, and how you can prevent it.

Compartment syndrome

Find out what compartment syndrome is, what the symptoms are, and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Complex regional pain syndrome

Find out about complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a poorly understood condition where a person experiences persistent severe and debilitating pain.

Congenital heart disease

Find out about congenital heart disease, including how the NHS screens for the condition, the symptoms and how it is treated.

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis is where your eyes are red and sore. Read about what causes conjunctivitis, how to prevent it and how to treat it.

Constipation

Constipation is common and it affects people of all ages. You can usually treat it at home with simple changes to your diet and lifestyle.

Contact dermatitis

Read about contact dermatitis, a type of eczema that causes inflammation of the skin when you come into contact with a particular substance.

Corns and calluses

NHS information about corns and calluses, including symptoms, causes and how to treat them.

Coronary heart disease

Find out about coronary heart disease (CHD), including the main symptoms, causes, treatments and prevention. CHD is a major cause of death in the UK and worldwide.

Corticobasal degeneration

Read about corticobasal degeneration (CBD), a rare condition where brain cells become damaged over time and certain sections of the brain start to shrink.

Costochondritis

Find out about costochondritis, including what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, what the treatments are and what causes it.

COVID-19

Get NHS advice about COVID-19, including its symptoms and what to do, how to avoid catching and spreading it, treatments, vaccinations and long-term effects.

Cradle cap

Find out about cradle cap, including what the symptoms are and what you can do to help.

Craniosynostosis

Find out about craniosynostosis, a rare condition where a baby's skull does not grow properly and their head becomes an unusual shape.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Find out about the different types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and what causes the condition and how it's treated.

Crohn's disease

Find out about Crohn's disease, a condition that affects your gut, including symptoms, treatment and how it affects your life.

Croup

Find out about croup, including the symptoms, what to do if your child has it, and when to get medical help.

Cushing's syndrome

Find out about Cushing's syndrome, including what causes it, what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it’s treated and possible complications.

Cuts and grazes

Find out more about how to treat a cut or graze yourself and when you need to get medical help.

Cyclical vomiting syndrome

Find out about cyclical vomiting syndrome including the symptoms, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Cyclospora

Find out about cyclospora, including how you get it, where it's found and what the symptoms are.

Cyclothymia

Find out about cyclothymia, or cyclothymic disorder, a mild form of bipolar disorder.

Cystic fibrosis

Find out about cystic fibrosis, including what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, how it is treated, and where to get support.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Find out more about cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common virus that's usually harmless but can cause problems in babies.

Dandruff

Find out what causes dandruff, what you can do to get rid of it and when to get medical advice.

Dehydration

Dehydration is when your body loses more fluid than you take in. Find out what the symptoms of dehydration are, how to prevent it and when to get medical help.

Dementia

This guide has information for people with dementia and their families and friends.

Dementia with Lewy bodies

Find out about a type of dementia called dementia with Lewy bodies, including what the symptoms are, how it's treated and what the outlook is.

Dengue

Dengue is an infection spread by mosquitoes. Find out where it's found, what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, and what you can do to avoid it.

Dental abscess

Find out more about dental abscesses, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how they're treated and how to prevent them.

Depression

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Depression in adults

Depression is a low mood that lasts for weeks or months and affects your daily life.

Detached retina (retinal detachment)

Read about a detached retina, which is where the thin layer at the back of the eye (retina) becomes loose from the back of the eye. Find out what the...

Developmental co-ordination disorder (dyspraxia) in children

Read about developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, a condition that affects physical co-ordination.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Find out about developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), including how it affects a baby or infant, how it's diagnosed and how it can be treated.

Diabetes

Find out about diabetes, including types of diabetes, common symptoms, and possible treatments.

Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition where you produce a large amount of urine and often feel thirsty.

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Find out about diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how to prevent it.

Diabetic retinopathy

Find out about diabetic retinopathy, an eye condition caused by diabetes, including symptoms, how to prevent it and how it's treated.

Differences in sex development

Find out about differences in sex development (DSDs), a group of rare conditions where the reproductive organs and genitals don't develop as expected. Some...

DiGeorge syndrome (22q11 deletion)

Find out about DiGeorge syndrome (22q11 deletion), including why it happens and what problems it can cause.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a potentially fatal contagious bacterial infection that mainly affects the nose and throat, and sometimes the skin. It's very rare in England.

Discoid eczema

Read about discoid eczema (nummular or discoid dermatitis), a long-term (chronic) skin condition that causes the skin to become itchy, reddened, dry and cracked

Dislocated kneecap

Find out how to tell if you have a dislocated kneecap, where to get medical help, what the treatments are and how long it takes to recover.

Dislocated shoulder

Find out how to tell if your shoulder is dislocated, how and where to get medical help, and how long it takes to recover.

Dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorders are a group of conditions where you may feel disconnected from reality. Find out more, including where to get help.

Diverticular disease and diverticulitis

Find out about diverticular disease and diverticulitis, common conditions affecting the large intestine (bowel).

Down's syndrome

Down's syndrome is when you're born with an extra chromosome.

Dupuytren's contracture

Find out about Dupuytren's contracture (Dupuytren's disease), which affects the hands and fingers and causes 1 or more fingers to bend into the palm of the hand.

DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

Find out more about DVT (deep vein thrombosis), a blood clot in a vein, usually in the leg.

Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)

Find out more about dysarthria, which is where you have difficulty speaking because the muscles used for speech are weak.

Dysentery

Find out about dysentery, including the symptoms, when to see a GP, treatment, how to reduce your risk of getting it and how to avoid passing it on to others.

Dyslexia in adults

Find out more about dyslexia in adults, including symptoms, how to get a diagnosis, and what support may be available for you.

Dyslexia in children

Find out more about dyslexia in children, including symptoms, how to get your child diagnosed, and what support is available from your school and local authority.

Dyspraxia in adults

Find out about dyspraxia (developmental co-ordination disorder) in adults, a condition that affects your movement, balance and spatial awareness.

Dystonia

Dystonia is the name for uncontrolled and sometimes painful muscle movements (spasms). Find out about the main symptoms, types and treatments.

Ear infections

NHS information about ear infections, which are very common, particularly in children. Find out how to ease the symptoms yourself and when to get medical help.

Early or delayed puberty

Read about the symptoms of early or delayed puberty, including what can cause it and how it can be treated.

Early or premature menopause

Find out about early or premature menopause, when a woman's periods stop before the age of 45, and the treatment available.

Earwax build-up

Find out more about what problems a build-up of earwax can cause, why it happens, and what can be done about it.

Eating disorders

Eating disorders, like anorexia nervosa (often called anorexia), are mental health conditions where unhealthy eating behaviours are used to cope with...

Ebola virus disease

Find out more about Ebola virus disease, a serious infection usually found in certain parts of Africa.

Ectopic pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.

Ectropion

Ectropion is when the lower eyelid droops or sags away from the eye and turns outwards. Find out what causes ectropion and how to treat it.

Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)

Find out about Edwards’ syndrome (trisomy 18) including the symptoms, types, how it's diagnosed and what causes it.

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

Ejaculation problems

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Encephalitis

Find out about encephalitis, a rare but serious condition that causes inflammation of the brain.

Endocarditis

Endocarditis is a rare but serious infection of the inner lining of your heart. Find out the symptoms, who's at higher risk and how it's treated.

Endometriosis

Find out about endometriosis, including what the symptoms are, what tests you might need and treatments that can help.

Enlarged prostate

Find out about an enlarged prostate (benign prostate enlargement), including the symptoms and how it's treated.

Epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a general term used to describe a group of rare, inherited skin disorders that cause the skin to become very fragile.

Epididymitis

Find out about epididymitis, which is when the epididymis (a coiled tube at the back of each testicle that stores and carries sperm) becomes swollen and painful.

Epiglottitis

Find out about epiglottitis, where the flap that covers your windpipe when you swallow (the epiglottis) becomes swollen and covers your windpipe, making it...

Epilepsy

Find out about epilepsy, a condition that causes seizures, including symptoms, treatment and how it affects your life.

Erectile dysfunction (impotence)

Find out what erectile dysfunction is, what the common causes are and how it can be treated.

Erythema multiforme

NHS information about erythema multiforme, including symptoms, when to get help and treatment.

Erythema nodosum

NHS information about erythema nodosum. Find out what it is, what the symptoms are, what causes it, when to get medical help and how it’s treated.

Erythrocytosis

Read about the symptoms and treatment of a blood disorder called erythrocytosis (sometimes called polycythaemia), which means having a high concentration of...

Erythromelalgia

NHS information about erythromelalgia, a rare condition that causes episodes of burning pain and redness in the hands and feet, and sometimes the arms,...

Excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia)

Read about excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia), a condition that causes you to feel very sleepy during the day, even if you had a good night's sleep.

Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)

Find out about possible causes and treatments for excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).

Eye cancer

Read about eye cancer, including the symptoms, causes, treatments, and outlook.

Eye injuries

Find out what to do if you have an eye injury, including when to get medical help.

Fabricated or induced illness

Find out about fabricated or induced illness (FII), which is a rare form of child abuse where a parent or carer exaggerates or deliberately causes symptoms...

Falls

Find out about falls, including what to do when you have a fall, what help is available and how to prevent falls.

Febrile seizures

Find out about febrile seizures (febrile convulsions or fits), which can sometimes happen when a child has a high temperature (fever).

Female genital mutilation (FGM)

This topic is listed in the NHS A to Z, but reusable structured article text is not currently available.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Find out about fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, which is a range of mental and physical problems that can affect a child if their mother drinks alcohol...

Fibroids

Find out more about different types of fibroids and how they’re treated, why they develop and when to see a GP.

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia, also called fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), is a long-term condition that causes pain all over the body.

Flat feet

Find out about flat feet (fallen arches), including why they happen, whether they're serious and how they can be treated.

Flat head syndrome (plagiocephaly and brachycephaly)

Find out about flat head syndrome (plagiocephaly and brachycephaly), including how it affects babies, things you can do to help and what causes it.

Flu

NHS information about flu, including symptoms, how to treat it yourself and when to get help.

Food allergy

Find out more about food allergies, including what the symptoms are, what can cause them and how they're treated.

Food intolerance

NHS information about food intolerance, including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Food poisoning

Find out about food poisoning including what the symptoms are, how you can treat yourself at home, when to get medical help, and what causes it.

Foot drop

Find out about foot drop, where it's difficult to lift or move your foot and toes when walking.

Frontotemporal dementia

Find out what frontotemporal dementia is, what the symptoms are, how it's treated, and what the outlook is.

Frostbite

Find out about frostbite, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it’s treated, possible complications and how to prevent getting it.

Frozen shoulder

Frozen shoulder means your shoulder is painful and stiff for months, sometimes years. Find out about the main symptoms, treatments and causes.

Fungal nail infection

NHS information about fungal nail infections, including symptoms, self-care, when to get medical help, treatments and prevention.

Gallbladder cancer

Find out about gallbladder cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments, and where to get support.

Gallstones

Find out about gallstones, including what treatment you can get if you have symptoms, what causes them and possible complications.

Ganglion cyst

Find out about ganglion cysts, including symptoms, treatments and causes.

Gangrene

Find out more about gangrene, including what the symptoms are, why it happens, how it’s treated and how you can reduce your risk of getting it.

Gastritis

Find out about gastritis, including what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it's treated.

Gastroparesis

Find out about gastroparesis, including what the symptoms are, what the treatments are, how it's diagnosed and what causes it.

Gender dysphoria and incongruence

Find out about gender dysphoria and incongruence including, the signs, how it's diagnosed and the available treatments.

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)

Find out about generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) including the symptoms, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Genital herpes

Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or type 2. It causes painful blisters to appear on the genitals and the surrounding areas.

Genital warts

Find out about genital warts, which are small lumps or cauliflower-like growths around the vagina, penis or anus.

Gestational diabetes

Find out what gestational diabetes is, what problems it can cause, how it's diagnosed, and what the treatments are.

Giardiasis

Find out about giardiasis, an infection of the digestive system caused by tiny parasites called Giardia intestinalis.

Gilbert's syndrome

Find out about Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic condition where a substance called bilirubin builds up in the blood and causes jaundice.

Glandular fever

Find out about glandular fever including what the symptoms are, how to treat it yourself, how to stop it spreading, and when to get medical help.

Glaucoma

Find out about glaucoma including the symptoms, types, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Glomerulonephritis

Read about glomerulonephritis, which is damage to the tiny filters inside your kidneys (the glomeruli).

Glue ear

Find out what glue ear is, what causes it, what a GP can do to help, and how it's treated.

Goitre

Find out about goitre, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, how it is treated and what causes it.

Gonorrhoea

Find out about gonorrhoea, including the symptoms, how it’s diagnosed and treated, and what you can do to prevent it.

Gout

Find out more about gout, a type of arthritis, including the symptoms, causes, when to get help and treatments.

Granuloma annulare

Find out about granuloma annulare, including the symptoms, treatments and causes.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)

Find out about granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), including what the symptoms are, how it's diagnosed and how it's treated.

Group B strep

Find out about group B strep, a type of bacteria called streptococcal bacteria, and how it can affect you and your baby in pregnancy.

Growing pains

Find out about growing pains, what the symptoms are, how you can treat it, when to get medical help and what the causes are.

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Find out about Guillain-Barré syndrome, including its symptoms, how it's treated, how long it takes to recover and when to get medical help.

Gum disease

Find out more about gum disease, including what the symptoms are, how it's treated and how to prevent it.

Gynaecomastia

Find out about gynaecomastia including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, what causes it and how it's treated.

Haemochromatosis

Find out about haemochromatosis, an inherited condition where iron levels in the body slowly build up over many years.

Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)

Find out about haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN, previously called rhesus disease), what it is, how to prevent it and what the treatments are.

Haemophilia

Find out about haemophilia, including symptoms, what causes it, how it's treated and when to get medical help.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

Find out about haemophilus influenzae (Hib),including what the symptoms are, what causes it, and the vaccines that can help prevent it.

Hamstring injury

Find out more about hamstring injuries, including how they happen, what the symptoms are, how to treat them and when to get medical help.

Hand, foot and mouth disease

Find out about hand, foot and mouth disease, including what the symptoms are, how to treat it, and when you should get medical advice.

Hantavirus

Find out about hantavirus, including causes, what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, and how it’s treated.

Hay fever

Find out about the symptoms and causes of hay fever, who's affected and what treatments are available.

Head injury and concussion

Find out about head injury and concussion, including symptoms to look out for, when to get medical advice or treatment and how to care for a minor head injury.

Head lice and nits

Find out how to spot head lice, how to get rid of them and how they spread.

Headaches

Find out about headaches, including what you can do to help ease them, when to get medical advice and what the most common causes are.

Health anxiety

Health anxiety is when worrying about your health starts to take over your life. Read NHS advice about symptoms and and what to do if you have it.

Hearing loss

Find out about the common signs and causes of hearing loss, when to get medical help and how hearing loss is treated.

Heart attack

A heart attack happens when blood flow to your heart is blocked. Find out about the symptoms, what to do if you think you're having one, causes, treatments...

Heart block

Find out about heart block, including the symptoms, causes, types, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Heart failure

Find out about heart failure, including the symptoms and causes, how it's treated and how it can affect your life.

Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia)

Find out about the symptoms of heart rhythm problems and what causes them, and when you should see a GP.

Heart valve disease

Find out about heart valve disease, including what the symptoms are and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Heartburn and acid reflux

Find out more about heartburn, a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). If it keeps happening,...

Heat exhaustion and heatstroke

Find out about heat exhaustion and heatstroke, which can happen if you get too hot during hot weather.

Heat rash (prickly heat)

Find out about heat rash, also called prickly heat or miliaria rubra, which is an itchy rash of small, raised spots and a stinging or prickling sensation on...

Heavy periods

Find out about heavy periods (called menorrhagia) and how to treat them if they are affecting your daily life.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)

NHS information about Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and treatments.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is when your liver becomes inflamed. Read about the symptoms, causes, types and when to get medical help.

Hepatitis A

Find out about hepatitis A, including what causes it, how it can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and how it is treated.

Hepatitis B

Find out about hepatitis B, including how you get it, symptoms, treatment and complications.

Hepatitis C

Find out about hepatitis C, including symptoms, treatment, how it's passed on and how to get tested.

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)

Read information on hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome), including symptoms, causes and how it's treated.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia

Find out about hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a rare group of inherited disorders that often cause weakness and stiffness in the leg muscles, which...

Hernia

NHS information about hernia, including types of hernia, common symptoms, how they're treated and how to prevent them.

Herpes simplex eye infections

Find out about herpes simplex eye infections, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help and how they're treated.

Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger)

Find out about herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger) including symptoms, causes and treatments.

Hiatus hernia

Find out what causes a hiatus hernia, which is when part of your stomach moves up into your chest, and how to treat it if needed.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)

Find out about hidradenitis suppurativa, a painful, long-term skin condition that causes abscesses and scarring on the skin.

High blood pressure

Find out about high blood pressure, including how to find out if you have it, what causes it and what you can do to lower it.

High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)

Find out about high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia), including what the symptoms are, what a high blood sugar level is and how to control your blood sugar.

High cholesterol

Find out what cholesterol is, what causes high cholesterol, why it's important to keep your cholesterol levels under control, and how to lower your cholesterol.

Hirschsprung's disease

Hirschsprung's disease is a rare bowel condition that is mainly diagnosed in babies and young children. Read about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

HIV and AIDS

Find out about the symptoms of HIV and AIDS, what treatments are available and how to prevent getting or spreading the infection.

Hives

Find out about hives (also called urticaria), which is a raised, itchy rash that's usually caused by a reaction to things like food, pollen, insect bites or...

Hoarding disorder

Find out about hoarding disorder, including the symptoms, causes, how it’s diagnosed and treated and where to get support.

Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma is an uncommon cancer that affects the white blood cells that help you fight infection (lymphocytes).

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Find out what human papillomavirus (HPV) is, how it's spread, what conditions it can cause and how to protect against it.

Huntington's disease

Find out about Huntington's disease, including symptoms, causes and how it's treated.

Hydrocephalus

Find out about hydrocephalus (fluid in the brain), including information about symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, treatment and complications.

Hydronephrosis

Read about hydronephrosis, including the symptoms, causes and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

Hyperparathyroidism

Find out more about hyperparathyroidism, including what symptoms it can cause and what treatments are available.

Hypoparathyroidism

Find out about hypoparathyroidism, including what symptoms it can cause and how it's treated.

Hypothermia

Find out about hypothermia, a dangerous drop in body temperature below 35C (normal body temperature is around 37C). Go to A&E or call 999 immediately if...

Ichthyosis

Find out about ichthyosis, a condition that causes dry scaly skin, including when to get medical help, treatment options and types.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Find out about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), including what the symptoms are, how it's treated and what the outlook is.

Impetigo

Find out about impetigo, a contagious skin infection that's not usually serious. Read about the symptoms, when to get medical help, treatments and prevention.

Indigestion

Find out about indigestion, a common problem that causes pain or discomfort in your upper abdomen (dyspepsia) or behind your breastbone (heartburn).

Infected piercings

Find out about the symptoms of an infected piercing, including what to do if your piercing is infected and how to keep your piercing clean to stop it...

Infertility

Find out about infertility, including the causes, treatment options, and when to get help and advice.

Inflammatory bowel disease

Find out about inflammatory bowel disease, what the symptoms are, how it’s treated, what causes it and where you can get support.

Ingrown hairs

Find out about ingrown hairs, what the symptoms are, how you can treat and prevent them yourself, and what treatments you can get from your GP.

Ingrown toenail

NHS information about an ingrown toenail, including symptoms, self-care, when to see a GP, medical treatments and prevention.

Insect bites and stings

Find out about some of the most common insect bites and stings, how to treat them and when to get help.

Insomnia

Find out about insomnia, including why it might happen and how to treat it.

Intracranial hypertension

Intracranial hypertension is a build-up of pressure around the brain. It can cause severe headaches and problems with your vision.

Iron deficiency anaemia

Find out more about iron deficiency anaemia, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, the tests and treatments you may have, and the...

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) is a common condition that affects the digestive system. It can cause stomach cramps, bloating and diarrhoea. It’s usually a...

Japanese encephalitis

Find out about Japanese encephalitis including who's most at risk of getting it, how to avoid it, what the symptoms are and how it's treated.

Jaundice

NHS information about jaundice, where the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow. It's caused by a build-up of a substance called bilirubin.

Jaundice in babies

Find out about jaundice in newborn babies, including what can cause it, what symptoms to watch out for and how more serious cases are treated.

Jellyfish and other sea creature stings

Find out what to do after a sea creature sting. You can usually use first aid, but call 999 for an ambulance if there are serious symptoms like severe swelling.

Jet lag

Find out what causes jet lag and what you can do to reduce its effects. Get plenty of rest before you travel and try adjusting your sleep routine to the...

Joint hypermobility syndrome

Joint hypermobility syndrome is where you get pain and stiffness from having very flexible joints. Read more about how it's diagnosed and managed.

Kawasaki disease

Find out about Kawasaki disease, a rare condition that causes the blood vessels to become swollen and mainly affects children under the age of 5.

Keloid scars

Read the NHS information about keloid scars, including symptoms, treatment, causes and when to get help.

Keratosis pilaris

Find out about keratosis pilaris, including what the symptoms are, how you can treat it yourself, and what causes it.

Kidney cancer

Find out about kidney cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments, and where to get support.

Kidney infection

Find out about kidney infection (pyelonephritis), a type of urinary tract infection, including it's symptoms, treatments and when to get medical help.

Kidney stones

Information about kidney stones, including symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention.

Klinefelter syndrome

Read about Klinefelter syndrome - a condition in which male babies are born with an extra X chromosome. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

Knock knees

NHS information about knock knees, including symptoms, treatments and what to do if you think you or your child have it.

Knocked-out tooth

Find out more about how to save a knocked-out tooth before seeing a dentist.

Kyphosis

Find out about kyphosis including what it is, what the symptoms are, what causes it and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

Labial fusion

Read about labial fusion. This is when the small inner lips around the entrance to the vagina become sealed together. It's fairly common in girls under the...

Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis

Read about labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis (also known as vestibular neuronitis), including advice about symptoms, when to get medical help and treatment.

Lactose intolerance

Find out about lactose intolerance, including symptoms, how it's diagnosed, treatment and what causes it.

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Find out about Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, a rare condition affecting the nerves that causes muscle weakness and other symptoms.

Laryngeal cancer

Laryngeal cancer is a type of throat cancer which affects the voice box (larynx), which is in the throat.

Laryngitis

Find out about laryngitis, which is when your voice box becomes irritated or swollen. Symptoms of laryngitis usually come on suddenly and get worse during...

Lazy eye

Find out more about a lazy eye (amblyopia), a condition where the vision in 1 eye does not develop properly.

Learning disabilities

This topic is listed in the NHS A to Z, but reusable structured article text is not currently available.

Leg cramps

Find out about leg cramps, a common condition where the muscles in the leg suddenly become tight and painful.

Legionnaires' disease

Find out more about Legionnaires' disease, an uncommon but serious lung infection you can get from inhaling droplets of water containing bacteria that cause...

Leptospirosis (Weil's disease)

Find out about leptospirosis infection, including what causes it, what the symptoms are, where to get help, how it's treated, and how to avoid getting it.

Leukoplakia

Find out about leukoplakia, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, treatments and prevention.

Lichen planus

Find out about lichen planus, a non-infectious, itchy rash that can affect many areas of the body.

Lichen sclerosus

Read about lichen sclerosus, a skin condition that mainly affects the skin of the genitals. Find out about symptoms, causes, treatments and when to see a GP.

Lipoedema

Find out about lipoedema, an abnormal build-up of fat in your legs and sometimes arms, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and what...

Lipoma

Find out about lipomas, which are soft, fatty lumps that grow under your skin. They're harmless and do not usually need any treatment.

Listeriosis

NHS information and advice about listeriosis, including how you catch it, what the symptoms are and how you can avoid it.

Liver cancer

Liver cancer is a cancer that's found anywhere in the liver.

Liver disease

Find out about the different types of liver disease and their causes . Find out the symptoms of liver disease, when to get medical help and what you can do...

Long COVID

Find out about long COVID, including the symptoms, how it's diagnosed, and the treatment and support available.

Long QT syndrome

Find out about long QT syndrome, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help, the causes and how it's treated.

Long-sightedness

Find out about long-sightedness, what the symptoms are, what tests you can have, how it is treated, and what causes it.

Low blood pressure (hypotension)

Find out about low blood pressure (hypotension), including what the symptoms are, when to get your blood pressure checked and treatments for low blood pressure.

Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)

Find out about low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia), including what the symptoms are, the causes, how to treat it and how to prevent it.

Low sperm count

Find out about low sperm count, including symptoms, tests and treatments.

Low white blood cell count

Find out about low white blood cell count. It usually means your body is not making enough white blood cells and can increase your risk of getting infections.

Lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most common and serious types of cancer. More than 43,000 people are diagnosed with the condition every year in the UK.

Lupus

Find out about lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus), including causes, symptoms, treatment and how you can ease your symptoms.

Lyme disease

Read NHS information on Lyme disease, which is a bacterial infection spread to humans by infected ticks.

Lymphoedema

Read about lymphoedema, a long-term condition that causes swelling in the body's tissues. It usually develops in the arms or legs.

Macular hole

A macular hole is a small gap that opens at the centre of the retina in the macula. It causes blurred and distorted vision, and can be treated with surgery.

Malaria

Find out about malaria, including where it's found, how you catch it and what the symptoms are.

Malignant brain tumour (brain cancer)

A malignant brain tumour is a type of cancer that starts in the brain or spreads into the brain from another area of the body.

Mallet finger

Mallet finger is an injury to the end of the finger that causes it to bend inwards. Find out about the condition, its treatment and causes.

Malnutrition

Find out about malnutrition, including the signs and symptoms, who's at risk, when to see a GP, and how it's treated.

Marfan syndrome

Find out what Marfan syndrome is, what causes it, plus how it's diagnosed and treated.

Mastitis

Find out about mastitis, including what the symptoms are, how to treat it and why it happens.

Mastocytosis

Read about mastocytosis, a rare condition caused by an excess number of mast cells gathering in the body's tissues.

Mastoiditis

Find out about mastoiditis, a serious bacterial infection that affects the mastoid bone behind the ear.

Measles

Find out about measles, a highly infectious viral illness that can be very unpleasant and sometimes lead to serious complications.

Medically unexplained symptoms

This topic is listed in the NHS A to Z, but reusable structured article text is not currently available.

Melanoma skin cancer

Find out about melanoma skin cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Meningitis

Find out about meningitis including the symptoms, causes, how it's treated and support available.

Meniscus tear (knee cartilage damage)

NHS information about meniscus tears (knee cartilage damage), including symptoms, how to ease symptoms yourself and when to get medical help.

Menopause and perimenopause

Menopause and perimenopause are a natural part of life. This happens when your periods change and eventually stop due to lower hormone levels. It usually...

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that can develop in the lining of the body's organs. It's usually caused by exposure to asbestos.

Metabolic syndrome

Find out about metabolic syndrome, what it is, how it's diagnosed and how to prevent and treat it.

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

Find out about the symptoms of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), how to lower your risk of catching it and what to do if you think you might have it.

Migraine

Find out about migraine, including symptoms and how it's treated.

Miscarriage

Find out about miscarriage, including what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, how it’s treated, how long it takes to recover and the causes.

Molar pregnancy

A molar pregnancy is when there's a problem with a fertilised egg, which means a baby and a placenta do not develop the way they should after conception. A...

Moles

Find out about moles, including what a normal mole looks like and when a mole could be serious. Also, find out how to prevent a mole becoming cancerous.

Molluscum contagiosum

Find out about molluscum contagiosum, including what the symptoms are and what to do if you think you or your child have it.

Morton's neuroma

Find out about Morton's neuroma, including the symptoms, causes and treatments.

Motion sickness

Find out more about motion sickness, an unpleasant combination of symptoms, such as dizziness, feeling sick, or being sick, that can happen when you're travelling.

Motor neurone disease (MND)

Find out about motor neurone disease (MND) including the symptoms, types, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Mouth cancer

Find out about mouth cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments, and where to get support.

Mouth ulcers

Find out about mouth ulcers, including what they look like, what causes them, how to treat them, and how to avoid getting them.

Mpox

Find out about mpox (previously known as monkeypox), including how you get it, what the symptoms are and what to do if you think you have it.

MRSA

Find out about MRSA, which is a bacteria that usually lives harmlessly on the skin but can cause a serious infection if it gets inside the body.

Mucositis

Find out about mucositis, including what the symptoms are, what you can do to ease them, when to get medical help and what treatments are available.

Multiple sclerosis

Find out about multiple sclerosis (MS) including the symptoms, types, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

Find out about multiple system atrophy (MSA) including the symptoms, how it's diagnosed, how it's managed and where to get support.

Mumps

Find out about the symptoms of mumps, what to do if you have it, other problems it can cause, and how to avoid catching or spreading it.

Munchausen syndrome

Munchausen syndrome is a disorder where someone pretends to be ill or induces symptoms of illness in themselves.

Muscular dystrophy

Find out about muscular dystrophy, including symptoms, what causes it, how it's treated and when to get medical help.

Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

Read about myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS). It’s a long-term condition with a wide range of symptoms including extreme tiredness.

Myasthenia gravis

Read about myasthenia gravis, including the symptoms and when to see a GP. Also, find out what causes the condition, how it's treated and the outlook.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), also called myelodysplasia, is a type of blood cancer. It's rare and mostly affects people over 70 years old.

Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects your bones and different parts of your body.

Myositis

Find out more about myositis, the name for a group of rare conditions that cause muscle weakness.

Ménière's disease

Find out more about Ménière's disease, a rare condition that affects the inner ear.

Nappy rash

Find out what causes nappy rash and how you can treat it yourself and prevent it from coming back.

Narcolepsy

Read about narcolepsy, including the symptoms, causes, and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Nasal and sinus cancer

Nasal and sinus cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the space behind your nose (nasal cavity) or in your sinuses.

Nasal polyps

Find out about nasal polyps, including symptoms, causes, treatments and when to see a GP.

Nasopharyngeal cancer

Find out what nasopharyngeal cancer is, what the signs and symptoms are, what causes it, and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Necrotising fasciitis

Find out about necrotising fasciitis, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it's treated and what causes it.

Neonatal herpes (herpes in a baby)

Information on neonatal herpes (herpes in newborn babies), with links to other useful resources.

Nephrotic syndrome in children

Read about nephrotic syndrome, a condition that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

Find out about neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), including what the symptoms are and how it’s treated.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2)

Find out about neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), including what the symptoms are and how it’s treated.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)

Find out about neuromyelitis optica (NMO), including what the symptoms are, how it's diagnosed, the causes and how it's treated.

Newborn respiratory distress syndrome

Read more about newborn respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), a serious condition where a newborn baby's lungs cannot provide their body with enough oxygen....

Night terrors and nightmares

Find out more about night terrors and nightmares, which mainly affect children but can also affect adults.

Noise sensitivity (hyperacusis)

Find put about hyperacusis, an intolerance to sounds that are not an issue for most other people. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Find out about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common condition where fat builds up in the liver.

Non-allergic rhinitis

Find out more about non-allergic rhinitis, including what the symptoms are, what you can do about it and when to get medical help.

Non-cancerous (benign) brain tumours

Find out about non-cancerous (benign) brain tumours, including what the symptoms are and how they're treated.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is cancer that affects the white blood cells that help you fight infection (lymphocytes).

Non-melanoma skin cancer

Find out about non-melanoma skin cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it, and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Noonan syndrome

Find out about Noonan syndrome, including what problems it can cause, how it happens, how it's diagnosed, and the treatment and support available.

Norovirus (vomiting bug)

Find out about norovirus, including what the symptoms are, how you can treat it at home, how it's spread, and where to get medical help.

Nosebleed

Read about the causes of nosebleeds, how to treat them at home and when you should get medical advice.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Find out about obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), what causes it, where to get help, and what the main treatments are.

Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Oesophageal atresia is a rare birth defect that affects a baby's oesophagus (the tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach).

Oesophageal cancer

Find out about oesophageal cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Oral thrush (mouth thrush)

Find out about oral thrush, including common symptoms and what to do if you or your child has it.

Orf

Find out about orf, including what the symptoms are and when to get medical help.

Osteoarthritis

Read about osteoarthritis, a condition that causes the joints to become painful and stiff. It's the most common type of arthritis in the UK.

Osteomyelitis

Find out about osteomyelitis, including who's most at risk of getting it, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, and how it's treated.

Osteophyte (bone spur)

Find out about osteophytes (bone spurs), which are bony lumps that form near joints.

Osteoporosis

Find out about osteoporosis, a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. There is also information on osteopenia,...

Otosclerosis

Find out about otosclerosis, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, what the causes are, and what treatments are available.

Ovarian cancer

Read more about ovarian cancer, including symptoms, treatments and causes.

Ovarian cyst

Read about an ovarian cyst, a fluid-filled sac that develops on a woman's ovary. They're very common and do not usually cause any symptoms

Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)

Find out about overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), including what the symptoms are, when to see a GP, how it's treated and why it happens.

Overweight and obesity in adults

NHS information about living with overweight and obesity, including the risks of being overweight, how to lose weight and available treatment.

Paget's disease of bone

Find out about Paget's disease of bone, a condition where the normal cycle of bone renewal and repair is disrupted.

Paget's disease of the nipple

Find out about Paget's disease of the nipple (Paget's disease of the breast). It's a rare condition where eczema-like changes occur in the skin of the...

Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a cancer that's found anywhere in the pancreas.

Panic disorder

Panic disorder is where you keep having panic attacks, often for no obvious reason. Includes symptoms, treatments and self-help tips.

Parkinson's disease

Read about Parkinson's disease, a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged over many years.

Patau's syndrome

Find out about Patau's syndrome, also known as trisomy 13, a serious genetic disorder where a baby has an extra copy of chromosome 13.

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries, and other parts of the female reproductive system.

Pelvic organ prolapse

Find out about pelvic organ prolapse, including the symptoms, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Pemphigus vulgaris

Find out about pemphigus vulgaris, including what the symptoms are, how it's treated and why it happens.

Penile cancer

Penile cancer affects the penis. It's very rare and mostly affects men aged over 50 years old.

Perforated eardrum

NHS information about perforated eardrum, including symptoms, when to get medical help, treatments and causes.

Pericarditis

Find out about pericarditis, including symptoms, when to get help, treatment and causes.

Periods

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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Read about peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a common condition in which a build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries restricts blood supply to leg muscles.

Peripheral neuropathy

Find out about peripheral neuropathy, a term for a group of conditions in which the peripheral nervous system is damaged.

Peritonitis

Find out about peritonitis, which is inflammation of the thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of your abdomen (tummy), called the peritoneum.

Personality disorders

NHS information about personality disorders, including the main symptoms and treatments.

Peyronie's disease

Find out about Peyronie's disease, a condition that causes your penis to curve when it’s erect. Find out about the symptoms, when to get medical help and treatment.

Phaeochromocytoma

Read about phaeochromocytoma, a rare tumour of the adrenal glands, which is often treated using surgery.

Phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis)

Find out about phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis), including what the symptoms are, what causes it, when to get medical help and how it's treated.

Phobias

Find out more about phobias, including types of phobia, common symptoms, and possible treatments.

Piles (haemorrhoids)

Find out about piles (haemorrhoids), including what the symptoms are, how they're treated and what causes them.

Pilonidal sinus

NHS information about pilonidal sinus, which is a small hole or tunnel in the skin at the top of your bottom. Find out what the symptoms are and when to see a GP.

Pityriasis rosea

Find out about pityriasis rosea, including what the symptoms are and what to do if it's uncomfortable or itchy.

Pityriasis versicolor

Find out about pityriasis versicolor (sometimes called tinea versicolor), including what the symptoms are, how it's treated and how you get it.

Plantar fasciitis

Find out about plantar fasciitis, including the causes, the symptoms and how to ease them, when to get medical help and treatments from a specialist.

Pleurisy

Find out more about pleurisy, where inflammation around the lungs causes sharp chest pain.

PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

Find out more about PMS (premenstrual syndrome), the symptoms women can experience before their period, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

Pneumonia

Find out about pneumonia, including what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, what the treatments are, what causes it and how to prevent it.

Poisoning

Find out about poisoning, including where to get help, what to do while waiting for medical help, what the symptoms are, and how it’s treated.

Polio

Find out more about polio, including where it's found, what the symptoms are and how to prevent it.

Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS)

Find out about polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), previously called polycystic ovary syndrome, including what the symptoms are, how it’s...

Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid)

Find out about polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid), including symptoms, how it's treated and what it means for your pregnancy and baby.

Polymorphic light eruption

Find out about polymorphic light eruption including symptoms, causes and treatments.

Polymyalgia rheumatica

Find out about polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), a condition that causes pain, stiffness and inflammation in the muscles around the shoulders, neck and hips.

Pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema)

Find out about pompholyx (also called dyshidrotic eczema), including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and what you can do to ease the symptoms.

Post-herpetic neuralgia

Find out about post-herpetic neuralgia (pain that lasts a long time after shingles), including what the symptoms are and how it's treated.

Postnatal depression

Find out about postnatal depression (PND), including symptoms, treatments, self-care and when to get medical help.

Postpartum psychosis

Information on postpartum psychosis (psychosis after childbirth), with links to other useful resources.

Postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS)

Find out more about postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), including what the symptoms and treatments are, and what causes it.

Prader-Willi syndrome

Find out about Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), which is a rare genetic condition that causes a wide range of physical symptoms, learning difficulties and...

Pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia is a condition in pregnancy that causes high blood pressure. Find out about the symptoms and how it is treated.

Pregnancy

This guide includes all you need to know about trying for a baby, pregnancy, labour and birth.

Pressure ulcers (pressure sores)

Find out about pressure ulcers (pressure sores or bed sores), which are areas of damage to your skin and the tissue underneath.

Primary biliary cholangitis (primary biliary cirrhosis)

Find out about primary biliary cholangitis (primary biliary cirrhosis), which is a type of long-term liver disease where the bile ducts in the liver become damaged.

Problems swallowing pills

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Progressive supranuclear palsy

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurological condition that can cause problems with balance, movement, vision, speech and swallowing.

Prosopagnosia (face blindness)

Find out about prosopagnosia, a difficulty recognising people's faces. Read about the symptoms, causes and things you can do to help live with it.

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland under the bladder and usually happens to men over 50 years old. There are different treatments and it can often...

Prostatitis

Find out about prostatitis, including what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, what you can do to ease the symptoms, how it's treated and causes.

Psoriasis

Find out about psoriasis, a long-term skin condition that causes patches of dry, flaky skin that can be itchy and painful.

Psoriatic arthritis

Find out about psoriatic arthritis, including what the symptoms are, how it's treated, what causes it and when to get medical help.

Psychosis

Read about psychosis, a mental health problem that causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them.

Psychotic depression

Read about psychotic depression, a severe form of depression where people experience the usual symptoms of depression, plus delusions and hallucinations.

PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder)

PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is an anxiety disorder caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events.

Pubic lice

Find out about pubic lice, including what they look like, how you get them, symptoms, when to get medical advice, treatment and complications.

Pudendal neuralgia

Find out about pudendal neuralgia (nerve pain in the genitals, bottom, anus or pelvis), including what the symptoms are and how it's diagnosed and treated.

Pulmonary embolism

Read more about a pulmonary embolism, which is when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in your lungs. It can be life-threatening if not treated quickly.

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs. It's a serious condition that can damage the right side of the heart.

Pyoderma gangrenosum

Find out about pyoderma gangrenosum, a rare skin condition that causes painful ulcers.

Q fever

Find out about Q fever, a bacterial infection that can be spread to humans by infected farm animals, its symptoms and what to do if you have it.

Rabies

NHS information about rabies, including where it's found, how you get it, how to avoid it and what the symptoms are.

Raynaud's

Find out about Raynaud's phenomenon, a common condition that affects the blood supply to certain parts of the body, usually the fingers and toes.

Reactive arthritis

Find out about reactive arthritis, including the symptoms, how it's treated and why it happens.

Reflux in babies

Find out about reflux, where a baby brings up milk during or soon after a feed.

Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

Find out about repetitive strain injury (RSI), including what the symptoms are, what causes it, what you can do to treat it and when to get medical help.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Find out about respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), including the symptoms, when to get medical help and how to reduce the risk of getting it.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs)

Find out about the different types of lower and upper respiratory tract infections (airway infections), how the infections spread and when you should see a GP.

Restless legs syndrome

Find out about restless legs syndrome, including symptoms, self-care, causes, treatment and when to get medical help.

Restricted growth (dwarfism)

Find out about restricted growth, also called dwarfism or short stature. Find out what the symptoms are, what causes it and what treatments are available.

Retinal (ocular) migraine

Find out about retinal migraine (ocular migraine), which is a type of migraine that affects 1 eye and causes temporary vision loss and other eye symptoms.

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that can affect young children. It affects the retina, which is at the back of the eye.

Rett syndrome

Read about Rett syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that affects brain development and causes severe physical and mental disability from early childhood.

Reye's syndrome

Find out about Reye's syndrome, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it's treated and how to prevent it.

Rheumatic fever

NHS information about rheumatic fever, including treatment, symptoms and causes.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Read about rheumatoid arthritis, a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints.

Rickets and osteomalacia

Find out about rickets and osteomalacia, where the bones become soft and weak.

Ringworm

Find out about ringworm, including what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, how it’s treated, and how to stop it spreading.

Rosacea

Find out more about rosacea, a common long-term skin condition that mainly affects the face.

Roseola

Find out about the childhood infection roseola, including what the symptoms are, how to treat it and when to get medical advice.

Rubella (german measles)

Find out about rubella (german measles), including what the symptoms are, what to do if you get it and the risks of catching rubella while you’re pregnant.

Salivary gland stones

Read about salivary gland stones (calculi), which are small stones that can form in your mouth. Find out what you can do to ease them yourself and when to...

Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a rare condition that causes small patches of swollen tissue, called granulomas, to develop in the organs of the body.

Scabies

Find out about scabies, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

Scarlet fever

Find out about scarlet fever, including the symptoms, what to do if you or your child has it, how it's treated, how long it lasts and how it's spread.

Scars

Find out about scars, including types of scars, things you can do to improve how a scar looks, and treatments that may be recommended if a scar is severe.

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

Schistosomiasis is an infection you can get from fresh water in tropical parts of the world. Find out how to avoid catching it, the symptoms and treatment.

Schizophrenia

Read about schizophrenia, a long-term mental health condition where you may see, hear or believe things that are not real.

Sciatica

Find out more about sciatica, a pain caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve, including the symptoms, what you can do to ease the pain, and...

Scleroderma

Read about scleroderma, including the different types, symptoms, causes and treatments.

Scoliosis

Find out what scoliosis is, why it happens and how it's treated.

Scurvy

Read about scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency caused by not eating foods (fruit and vegetables) rich in vitamin C over a long period of time.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Find out about seasonal affective disorder (SAD), including symptoms, treatment, and when to get medical help.

Selective mutism

Find out about selective mutism, an anxiety disorder that prevents people from speaking in certain social situations.

Self-harm

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Sepsis

Find out about sepsis, including the symptoms in children and adults, when and where to get help, how it's treated, recovery and possible complications.

Septic arthritis

Read about septic arthritis, which is a serious type of joint infection that should be treated straight away.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Find out more about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including possible symptoms, common types of STI and when to go to a sexual health clinic.

Shin splints

Find out what shin splints are, how they happen, and what you can do about them.

Shingles

Find out about shingles, including symptoms and what to do if you think you have it.

Short-sightedness (myopia)

Find out more about short-sightedness (myopia), including the signs and how it's usually treated with glasses or contact lenses.

Shoulder impingement

Find out about shoulder impingement, a common cause of shoulder pain caused by a tendon rubbing on tissue or bone.

Sick building syndrome

Find out about sick building syndrome (SBS), including symptoms, things you can do to ease symptoms and possible causes.

Sickle cell disease

Find out about sickle cell disease, a serious inherited blood disorder where the red blood cells develop abnormally. Find out about the symptoms, causes and...

Silicosis

Find out about silicosis, a long-term lung disease caused by inhaling large amounts of crystalline silica dust, usually over many years.

Sinusitis (sinus infection)

Find out about sinusitis (sinus pain), including the symptoms and treatments and when to get medical help.

Sjögren's syndrome

Find out about Sjögren's syndrome, including the symptoms, things you can do to ease them, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Skin abscess

Find out about skin abscesses, including how they look and feel, what treatment you may need, and what causes them.

Skin cyst

Find out about skin cysts, which are round, fluid-filled lumps under the skin. Read about the symptoms, treatments, types and causes.

Skin picking disorder

Read about skin picking disorder, where you cannot stop picking at your skin. There are things you can try to help yourself, but some people may need...

Skin tags

Find out about skin tags, including what they look like, when and where to get medical help and how they’re treated.

Slapped cheek syndrome

Find out about slapped cheek syndrome (also called fifth disease), including symptoms and how to treat it.

Sleep apnoea

Find out about sleep apnoea, which is when your breathing stops and starts while you sleep.

Sleep paralysis

Find out about sleep paralysis, a temporary inability to move or speak that happens when you're waking up or falling asleep.

Sleepwalking

Find out about sleepwalking, including what happens, the causes and how to help prevent it.

Slipped disc

Find out about slipped disc, including what it is, what causes it, how it's diagnosed and treated, plus how to prevent it.

Snake bites

Find out about what to do if you or someone you know are bitten by a snake.

Social anxiety (social phobia)

Find out about social anxiety (social phobia), including the symptoms, getting treatment and what you can do yourself to help overcome it.

Soft tissue sarcoma

Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in soft tissue, such as muscle and fat.

Spina bifida

Find out about spina bifida, including what causes it, what the symptoms are, how it is treated and what support you might need.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

Find out about spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) including the symptoms, types, causes, how it's diagnosed and the treatment and support available.

Spondylolisthesis

Find out about spondylolisthesis, where a bone in the spine (vertebra) slips out of position, including what the symptoms are and how it's treated.

Sprains and strains

Sprains and strains are common injuries affecting the muscles and ligaments. Most can be treated at home without seeing a GP.

Squint

Find out what causes a squint and how it's treated. Also, read about the signs to look for in your child and when to see a doctor.

Stammering

Stammering, or stuttering, affects speech and is relatively common in childhood. It can also persist into adulthood.

Staph infection

Find out more about some of the main types of staph infections, including how they're spread and how they're treated.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Find out about Stevens-Johnson syndrome, including what causes it, what the symptoms are and when to get medical help.

Stillbirth

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Stomach cancer

Find out more about stomach cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments and where to get help and support.

Stomach ulcer

Find out about stomach ulcers, including symptoms, causes, treatment and when to get medical help.

Strep A

Find out about strep A infections, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how mild and severe strep A infections are treated.

Stretch marks

Find out about stretch marks, including where, when and how you get them, what causes them, and how they can be treated and prevented.

Stroke

A stroke is when blood stops flowing to a part of your brain. It can affect things like speech and movement, and take a long time to recover. A stroke needs...

Stye

Find out about styes, including what causes them, what you can do to treat them and when to see a GP.

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

A subarachnoid haemorrhage is a rare but life-threatening type of stroke that needs emergency treatment. Find out about the symptoms, causes and recovery.

Subdural haematoma

Find out more about subdural haematomas (brain bleeds), including what symptoms it can cause, how it is treated and advice on recovery.

Sunburn

Find out about sunburn, including what you can do to treat it yourself and when to get medical help.

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

Find out about supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), a condition where your heart suddenly beats much faster than normal. SVT is not usually serious but some...

Swollen ankles, feet and legs (oedema)

Find out about swelling in the ankles, feet and legs (oedema), including what it looks like, common causes and what to do about it.

Swollen arms and hands (oedema)

Find out about the causes of swollen arms and hands, what to do about it and when to get help.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Find out what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help and how it's treated.

Tailbone (coccyx) pain

Find out about tailbone (coccyx) pain, including how to ease the pain yourself and when to get medical help. Read about symptoms, causes and treatments.

Temporal arteritis

Find out about temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis), a condition when arteries become inflamed. It's a serious condition that needs urgent treatment.

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD)

Read more about temporomandibular disorder (TMD), which is a problem affecting the chewing muscles and the joints between the lower jaw and the base of the skull.

Tendonitis

Find out more about tendonitis, where a tendon becomes swollen. It can cause joint pain and stiffness.

Tennis elbow

NHS information and advice about tennis elbow, including the symptoms, what you can do to help ease them, when to get medical help and treatments.

Tension headaches

Find out about tension headaches, including the symptoms, causes, treatments, prevention and when to get medical help.

Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is cancer that's found in the testicles.

Tetanus

Find out about tetanus, including how you get it, what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it’s treated and the tetanus vaccination.

Thalassaemia

Read about thalassaemia, a group of blood disorders that affect a substance called haemoglobin. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

The 'male menopause'

Read about "male menopause", where some men develop depression, loss of sex drive, erectile dysfunction and other physical and emotional symptoms when they...

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Find out about thoracic outlet syndrome, where nerves or blood vessels near the top of the ribs get squashed. It's often linked to having an extra rib...

Threadworms

Read about threadworms (pinworms), which are tiny worms in your poo. They're common in children and spread easily. You can treat them without seeing a GP.

Thrombophilia

Find out about thrombophilia, including what symptoms it causes and how it is treated.

Thrush in men and women

Find out more about thrush (yeast infection), including what the symptoms are, how it's treated, why it happens and how to help prevent it.

Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is cancer that's found in the thyroid gland. It's quite rare in the UK.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

Find out about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a viral infection spread to humans by the bite of a small spider-like parasite called a tick.

Tics

Tics are unintentional, fast and repetitive muscle movements. Find out how long they last, when to get medical advice and how they can be treated.

Tight foreskin (phimosis)

Find out about tight foreskin (phimosis), including what you can do to ease a tight foreskin and when to get medical help.

Tinnitus

Find out about tinnitus (hearing ringing or buzzing), including what you can do to help you cope with it and when to get medical help.

Toe pain

Find out what you can do to ease toe pain, what could be causing the pain and when to get medical help.

Tongue-tie

Find out about tongue-tie, including symptoms and treatments.

Tonsillitis

Find out about tonsillitis, which is when the tonsils at the sides of your throat become swollen due to a viral or bacterial infection. Find out about...

Tooth decay

Find out about tooth decay, including the symptoms, when to see a dentist, how it's treated and how it can be prevented.

Tourette syndrome

Find out about Tourette syndrome, a condition that causes tics, including its symptoms, treatment and causes.

Toxic shock syndrome

Find out about toxic shock syndrome (TSS), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how it is treated.

Toxocariasis

Find out about toxocariasis, including how you get it, whether it’s serious, when to get medical help and how to reduce your risk of getting it.

Toxoplasmosis

Read about toxoplasmosis, a parasite infection that can be dangerous, especially for pregnant women and people with a weakened immune system.

Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

Find out about transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or "mini stroke", including what causes it, the symptoms, how it's diagnosed, and when to seek medical advice.

Trichomoniasis

Find out about trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection, including the symptoms, how it's treated and what you can do to lower your chance of getting it.

Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

Trichotillomania is when someone cannot resist the urge to pull out their hair.

Trigeminal neuralgia

Find out about trigeminal neuralgia, which is sudden, severe facial pain, often described as sharp, shooting or like an electric shock.

Trigger finger

Find out about trigger finger, a condition that affects 1 or more of your hand's tendons, making it difficult to bend the affected finger or thumb.

Tuberculosis (TB)

NHS information about tuberculosis (TB), including symptoms, when to get medical help, treatments and causes.

Turner syndrome

Find out about Turner syndrome including the symptoms, how it’s diagnosed and the treatment and support that is available.

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is a condition where your body cannot make a hormone called insulin. This causes the level of glucose (sugar) in your blood to get too high.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is when a hormone called insulin does not work properly or there is not enough of it. This causes the level of glucose (sugar) in your blood...

Typhoid fever

Find out about typhoid fever symptoms and vaccination, and when to get treatment if you think you have it.

Typhus

Find out about typhus, including how you get it, how to avoid getting it, what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, and how it's treated.

Ulcerative colitis

Find out about ulcerative colitis, a long-term (chronic) condition where the colon and rectum (large intestine or large bowel) become inflamed.

Umbilical hernia

Find out more about umbilical hernias, including what the symptoms are, how they are treated and what can cause them.

Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)

Find out about an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), including the symptoms, treatments, possible complications and where to find support.

Undescended testicles

Find out about undescended testicles including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it’s treated and what causes it.

Urethritis

Urethritis is when the tube that carries pee out of the body (urethra) becomes inflamed and makes peeing painful. Find out about its symptoms, causes and treatment.

Urinary incontinence

Read about urinary incontinence, which is the unintentional passing of urine. It's a common problem that's thought to affect millions of people worldwide.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Find out about urinary tract infections (UTIs), such as cystitis, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical advice, how they're treated and what...

Uveitis

Find out about an inflammation in your eye called uveitis, including symptoms, what causes it, when to get help and how it's treated.

Vaginal cancer

Read about vaginal cancer, a rare type of cancer usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Find out about treatments and how to prevent it.

Vaginismus

Find out about vaginismus, which is when the vagina suddenly tightens up when you try to put something into it. Find out about possible causes and treatments.

Vaginitis

Find out about vaginitis, including information about symptoms, when to see a GP, causes and treatment.

Varicose eczema

Read about varicose eczema, a long-term skin condition that affects the lower legs and is common in people with varicose veins

Varicose veins

Find out about varicose veins, including what the symptoms are, how they're treated, causes and possible complications.

Vascular dementia

Find out about vascular dementia, including what the symptoms are, how it's treated and what the outlook is.

Vasculitis

Find out about the main types of vasculitis, with links to more information.

Venous leg ulcer

A leg ulcer is a long-lasting (chronic) sore on your leg or foot that takes more than 2 weeks to heal.

Vertigo

Vertigo is a symptom, rather than a condition in itself. It's the feeling that you, or the environment around you, is moving or spinning.

Vision loss

Find out about vision loss, including what the symptoms are, what causes it, how it's treated, and what support is available.

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia

Read about vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia, which occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells.

Vitiligo

Find out about vitiligo, which is a long-term condition that causes pale, white patches to develop on the skin.

Von Willebrand disease

Find out about von Willebrand disease, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help, the causes and how it's treated.

Vulval cancer

Find out about vulval cancer, including common symptoms and treatments.

Vulvodynia (vulval pain)

Find out about vulvodynia, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, plus treatments and things you can do to help ease the pain.

Warts and verrucas

Warts and verrucas are small lumps on the skin. Find out what causes them, how they’re treated and when to get medical help.

Whiplash

Find out about whiplash, how it happens, what the symptoms are and how it can be treated.

Whooping cough

Find out about whooping cough, including the symptoms, who's at risk, when to get medical advice, how it's treated and the whooping cough vaccine.

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Find out about Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, including the symptoms and how it's treated.

Womb (uterus) cancer

Find out about womb cancer, including what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, how it is treated and where to get support.

Women's health

Information and support on health, wellbeing, conditions and screening

Worms in humans

Find out about worm infections in humans, including what different types of worms look like, when to get medical help, and how to treat and prevent infections.

Yellow fever

Find out about yellow fever, including where it's found, what the symptoms are, and how it can be prevented by having the yellow fever vaccine.

Zika virus

Find out about Zika virus, including where it's found, how you get it, how to avoid getting it, what the symptoms are and when to get medical help.